Longevity

A central metabolic coenzyme marketed via IV and injectable forms for anti-aging and recovery, with declining levels in aging but limited clinical proof for supplementation.

A direct NAD+ precursor studied for metabolic and physical-function benefits in aging, with early human trials and a contested regulatory status in the US.

A mitochondrial-derived peptide studied as an exercise mimetic that improves metabolic homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in animal models.

A mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for neuroprotection and metabolic health, found at higher levels in some long-lived populations.

A circulating TGF-beta family factor at the center of young-blood rejuvenation research, with contested and preliminary evidence.

A well-studied vitamin B3 form and NAD+ precursor that reliably raises NAD+ levels in humans, widely used in longevity supplement stacks.

A gut-derived compound that triggers mitophagy and has improved muscle function in older adults in human trials, one of the better-evidenced longevity supplements.

A natural polyamine that induces autophagy, linked in population studies to lower mortality and studied for cardiovascular and cognitive aging.

A plant flavonoid and leading natural senolytic that clears senescent cells in animal studies and is now in human frailty trials.

A common dietary flavonoid used as a senolytic, most notably paired with the drug dasatinib in human senescence trials.

An FDA-approved leukemia drug repurposed in research as a senolytic, most often combined with quercetin to clear senescent cells.

An FDA-approved mTOR inhibitor that extends lifespan in animals and is widely studied off-label at low, intermittent doses for longevity.

A metabolite supplement studied for healthy aging, with an early human study suggesting a reduction in biological age markers.

A combination of glycine and NAC studied in older adults for restoring glutathione and improving multiple markers of aging.

An experimental 'exercise mimetic' that activates energy-metabolism pathways in animals, with no human data yet.

BioAge's brain-penetrant NLRP3 inhibitor that cut the inflammation marker hsCRP by a median 86% in two weeks in Phase 1, the strongest human anti-inflammaging signal from a geroscience company so far.

The most advanced senolytic in humans: an injected BCL-xL inhibitor that matched the biologic aflibercept on vision at most timepoints in a Phase 2b for diabetic macular edema.

The first partial cellular reprogramming therapy in humans: Life Biosciences dosed the first patient in June 2026, delivering three Yamanaka factors to retinal cells to reverse epigenetic age in glaucoma and optic neuropathy.

The 'anti-aging gene' protein whose blood levels track with longevity and cognition; a gene therapy (KLTO-202) is heading toward human trials, while products sold online as 'klotho peptide' are not the protein studied.

A daily pill for senior dogs that could become the first drug the FDA has ever approved for extending lifespan; the agency accepted its safety and effectiveness packages in 2025 and 2026.

An aminosterol PTP1B inhibitor from dogfish shark that regenerated heart tissue in zebrafish and mice and caused fat-specific weight loss in obese mice; early human trials never produced published efficacy.

A natural NAD+ precursor found in coffee and fenugreek that improved muscle function in aged mice and worms and is lower in people with sarcopenia; no human intervention trial yet.

A Khavinson tetrapeptide sold for liver and gut 'bioregulation'; preclinical work from one group only.